Modal verbs in the past help us talk about certainty, possibility, regret, criticism and missed opportunities in past situations. In English, we often form them with modal verb + have + past participle, as in must have forgotten, might have missed, should have called and could have helped. In this Read more
Learn the difference between must and have to in English. This lesson explains obligation, prohibition, lack of necessity, past and future forms, with examples and exercises.
Learn modal verbs of speculation in English with easy explanations, everyday examples, present and past forms, and practice for B2–C1 learners.
Learn how to use should have and shouldn’t have in English to talk about regret, criticism, mistakes and missed opportunities, with examples and practice.
“Should” vs “Had Better”: What’s the Difference? Many English learners use had better and should as if they mean exactly the same thing. Although they both express advice, they don’t always behave in the same way. The differences are subtle but important — especially for B2 First and C1 Advanced Read more
Learn how to express expectations in English with should, ought to, will, must, be supposed to and be bound to. Compare their meanings and learn when to use each expression with clear examples.
Learn how to form and use echo questions in English to express surprise, interest, doubt and confusion. Study clear examples, avoid common mistakes and download a free practice worksheet.