How to Use Discourse Markers

How to Use Discourse Markers Properly for CAE (C1 Advanced)

If you have ever read an essay that felt like a maze or listened to a speaker who jumped from topic to topic without warning, then you know just how important discourse markers are. How to Use Discourse Markers 

Discourse markers are the signposts of language – they guide your reader or listener through your ideas. At C1 Advanced level, using them effectively can make the difference between a B2-sounding essay and a polished C1 masterpiece. They’re especially useful in Part 1 (Essay) and Part 2 (Report, Proposal, Letter, Review) of the CAE Writing paper, and they’re golden in the Speaking test too.

In this post, we’ll explore what discourse markers are, categories of discourse markers with examples, tips for using them naturally and practice activities for mastering them

What are discourse markers?

Discourse markers (also called linking words or signal words) are words and phrases that organise, connect, and manage the flow of ideas in speech and writing. They help your audience follow your logic, understand your tone, and see the connections between your points.

Example:

• On the one hand, studying abroad can be exciting. However, it also comes with certain challenges. How to Use Discourse Markers 

Categories of discourse markers 

Here is a breakdown of useful discourse markers grouped by function, with example sentences appropriate for CAE-level learners.

Adding Information

Moreover

• The programme is well-structured. Moreover, it offers practical experience.

In addition

• In addition, students are expected to complete weekly assignments.

What’s more (informal)

• What’s more, the location is ideal for commuting.

Contrasting Ideas

However

• The idea seems promising. However, it requires more testing.

On the other hand

• On the one hand, online learning offers flexibility. On the other hand, it can feel isolating.

Nevertheless / Nonetheless

• It was raining heavily. Nevertheless, they continued filming.

Although / Even though

• Although the solution was simple, it had not occurred to anyone.

Giving Examples

For instance

• For instance, many students prefer to revise in the morning.

Such as

• Activities such as group work and peer assessment are encouraged. 

Namely

• Three options are available, namely, full-time, part-time, and evening courses.

Showing time/sequence

• First of all / To begin with

First, let’s consider the advantages.

Subsequently

• Subsequently, the results were analysed and presented.

Eventually / Finally

• Eventually, the software became available to the public. 

Showing cause and effect

Therefore

• The data was incomplete. Therefore, the results are inconclusive.

As a result / Consequently

• She worked overtime. As a result, she completed the project on time.

Due to

• The match was postponed due to heavy snowfall.

Expressing Opinion / Attitude

In my view / In my opinion

• In my view, more investment is needed in public transport.

It seems to me that

• It seems to me that many students struggle with managing their time. 

Admittedly

• Admittedly, the plan is ambitious, but it’s also achievable.

Summarising/concluding

In conclusion

• In conclusion, both options have pros and cons.

To sum up

• To sum up, the project achieved its goals despite challenges.

All in all (slightly informal)

• All in all, the weekend retreat was a great success.

Tips for using discourse markers naturally

Vary your markers – Avoid overusing “however” and “in addition.” Mix things up!

Match tone to task – Use formal markers for essays and reports. Slightly informal ones are fine in reviews or informal letters.

Don’t overdo it – One marker per sentence is usually enough. Too many can make your writing sound robotic.

Pay attention in reading and listening – Notice how native speakers use them in authentic materials like articles, podcasts, and news reports.

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